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Korean J. Pl. Taxon > Volume 54(3); 2024 > Article
HONG, SUN, LEE, KIM, and IM: Warm-temperate evergreen pterophytes of Korea

Abstract

Korean evergreen fern species that prefer warm-temperate forests as their main habitats are categorized into three groups according to their present distributions: group I, tropic-originating species; group II, Himalaya-originating species; and group III, endemic to warm-temperate regions of Northeast Asia. Due to global warming, a northward expansion of the species belonging to the group III is expected. New habitats of rare evergreen ferns, Crepidomanes latealatum and Haplopteris flexuosa, were found on the Haenam Peninsula, expanding their known Korean habitat from Jejudo Island.

INTRODUCTION

Pteridophytes show the most pronounced latitudinal diversity gradient among plants, and the number of species increases rapidly under a strong tropical climate. In particular, tropical mountainous areas, characterized by year-round warmth, abundant rainfall, and diverse ecological environments, host the highest species diversity of pteridophytes (Moran, 2010). In the case of South Korea, Jejudo Island fits this description, with 228 taxa of native pteridophytes, accounting for 76.8% of the total 298 taxa in the country found on this island (Lee and Lee, 2018). Among these, 56 taxa are evergreen pteridophytes limited to Jejudo Island in South Korea, primarily growing in the warm-temperate forests of the submontane areas of Hallasan Mountain. Most evergreen pteridophytes have restricted distributions (categorized as phytogeographically significant species, grade III or higher), including rare and endangered species (Tables 14).
The warm-temperate forests of South Korea traditionally consist of species of forest trees of the Lauraceae and Fagaceae families. The evergreen broad-leaved forests in the southwestern coastal areas, including uninhabited islands, were logged for fuelwood after the Korean War. During the national reforestation efforts of the 1960s and 1970s, they were replaced by secondary forests dominated by pine or mixed pine-oak trees. Today, evergreen broad-leaved forests can be found in only a few locations, such as the valley near Daeheungsa Temple on Duryunsan Mountain in Haenam, the southwestern slopes of Sangwangbong Peak in the Wando Arboretum area, and Gyeokjabong Peak on Bogildo Island.
Fortunately, thanks to 50 years of forest protection, young evergreen broad-leaved trees are growing in the secondary forests, indicating a gradual return to evergreen forests. In the past, warm-temperate forests in South Korea were thought to be limited to Jejudo Island and the southwestern coastal regions. However, a recent survey has revealed that these forests extend as far as offshore islands in Incheon and to the Five West Sea Islands in the Yellow Sea, following the warm currents of the Yellow Sea (Lee and Choi, 2010). The dark and humid forest floor of an evergreen broad-leaved forest serves as the primary habitat for evergreen pteridophytes, and increases in species diversity and an expansion of the distribution range can be expected due to climate change and vegetation succession.
In recent years, research on domestic pteridophytes has made remarkable progress, including the reporting of new taxa and unrecorded species (Moon et al., 2002, 2014; Kim et al., 2004, 2005; Sun et al., 2012, 2019; Lee et al., 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017; Shin et al., 2017; Son et al., 2008; Choi et al., 2024), pteridophyte flora reports (Moon, 2006, 2008), and the publication of field guides (Korea National Arboretum, 2008; Lee and Lee, 2018). In this study, we review the process of the establishment and status of the distribution of the warm-temperate evergreen pteridophyte flora of South Korea based on the above-mentioned domestic literature, many non-Korean studies (Kurata and Nakaike, 1987; Iwatsuki et al., 1995; Wu and Raven, 2013), and on actual specimens (KB, KH, CNU). Information on the domestic distributions of significant species mentioned in this text includes unpublished information from the authors. A phytogeographical overview of the origin of Jejudo Island’s seed plant flora, based on distribution information from Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, and the Himalayas, has been conducted (Im, 1992), and given the current focus on changes in biodiversity accompanying climate change, a holistic approach to evergreen pteridophyte flora is needed. The scientific names and list arrangement presented in this study follow Lee and Lee (2018).

TYPE I. SOUTHERN SPECIES

Generally referred to as southern plants, these species are primarily distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Southeast Asia, and their range is extended to the warm-temperate regions of southwestern Japan through southern China and Taiwan due to the influence of warm ocean currents. For South Korea, Jejudo Island is known as the only distribution area, and representative examples among these seed plants include Myrica rubra (Lour.) Siebold & Zucc. and Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai (Im, 1992). Cyclosorus dentatus (Forssk.) Ching is widely distributed across tropical regions worldwide, while Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel. and Colysis elliptica (Thunb.) Ching have extended ranges from India, Southeast Asia, and southern China to Jejudo Island. Loxogramme salicifolia (Makino) Makino exhibits a distribution pattern from Southeast Asia to Jejudo Island (Table 1, Fig. 1A). These plants are likely to expand their distribution range due to the effects of global warming.
Among tropical and subtropical plants, relatively cold-tolerant groups have expanded their distribution range to colder regions, including the inland areas of the Korean Peninsula (Table 2). Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv., distributed throughout tropical regions worldwide, is known to have northern limits in Tongyeong and Haenam. Pteris dispar Kunze ranges from Southeast Asia to Wando Island and Tongyeong, while Pteris vittata L. is found from India and Australia and along the coast of Korea to Ulsan and Incheon. Microlepia marginata (Panz.) C. Chr.is reported in New Guinea and Southeast Asia, as well as in Ulsan, Ulleungdo, and even inland areas such as Gwangju in Jeollanam-do (the inland distribution in Korea is unpublished information).

TYPE II. HIMALAYAN-ORIGIN SPECIES

Originating from the Himalayan mountainous region, these plants have spread across the East Asian floristic region, extending through Sichuan and Yunnan in China to Japan, and they are primarily distributed on Hongdo Island, Jejudo Island, and the southern coastal islands in Korea. Representative examples among seed plants include Pittosporum tobira W. T. Aiton, Rubus sorbifolius Maxim., and Ilex rotunda Thunb. (Im, 1992), and notable species among evergreen ferns include Crepidomanes schmidtianum (Zenker ex Tasch.) K. Iwats. (Jejudo Island and Mt. Jirisan), Asplenium yoshinagae Makino (Gageodo Island; Lee and Lee, 2018), and Cyclosorus penangianus (Hook.) Copel. (found on Jejudo Island; Lee and Lee, 2018) (Table 3, Fig. 1B).

TYPE III. WARM-TEMPERATE ENDEMIC SPECIES OF NORTHEAST ASIA

These plants have evolved in the warm-temperate regions of Northeast Asia, including Japan, Taiwan, and southern China. Representative species include Huperzia cryptomeriana, Athyrium otophorum, and Asplenium antiquum, which are distributed from southern China to southwestern Japan (Table 4, Fig. 1C).

RARE WARM-TEMPERATE EVERGREEN FERNS CONFIRMED IN HAENAM: Haplopteris flexuosa and Crepidomanes latealatum

Haenam County, located at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula, has had an average annual temperature of 13.4°C over the past five years (2018–2022), with a winter low of −5.8°C (annual average minimum temperature of 8.2°C) and average annual precipitation of 1,230 mm (Korea Meteorological Administration, 2023). It has also experienced 78.9 frosty days per year (Korea Meteorological Administration and Gwangju Regional Meteorological Administration, 2015) over the past decade (2001–2010). The Haenam Peninsula belongs to a warm region characterized by warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests dominated by species from the laurel family (Lauraceae) and evergreen species in oak family (Fagaceae). However, after the Korean War, most of the evergreen forests in the southwestern coastal region, including Haenam, were logged for fuel wood. During the national reforestation campaigns of the 1960s and 1970s, these forests were replaced with secondary forests of pine or mixed pine and oak. Today, only a few large evergreen broad-leaved forests remain in the southwestern coastal region, such as the Daheungsa Valley on Duryunsan in Haenam and the area around Sangwangbong in the Wando National Arboretum. Fortunately, owing to forest protection efforts over the past 50 years, young evergreen broad-leaved trees are now growing within these secondary forests, showing signs of recovery toward their original state. The dark and humid forest understory of these evergreen broad-leaved forests provides a key habitat for warm-temperate evergreen ferns, necessitating more detailed studies of the fern flora of the southwestern coastal region, including the Haenam Peninsula.
Crepidomanes latealatum (Fig. 2) is a small, evergreen fern distributed from India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam to the Tohoku region of Japan (Kurata and Nakaike, 1987), and Jejudo Island is the only known distribution site in Korea. Crepidomanes latealatum grows on the surfaces of rocks or the lower trunks of trees in the dark and moist understory of evergreen broad-leaved forests. Although similar in appearance and ecology to other species in the family Hymenophyllaceae, such as Hymenophyllum wrightii Bosch, Hymenophyllum barbatum (Bosch) Baker, and Vandenboschia nipponica (Nakai) Ebihara, C. latealatum can be distinguished by its slender rhizomes covered in dense black hairs, developed veins on its leaves, and sporangium cups that split into two parts (Lee and Lee, 2018).
In a recent survey, a new distribution site for C. latealatum was confirmed in the upper reaches of a valley on the western slope of Mt. Duryunsan, within an evergreen broad-leaved forest. This forest is primarily composed of species such as Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl., Cinnamomum chekiangense Nakai, Machilus japonica Siebold & Zucc., Machilus thunbergii Siebold & Zucc., Neolitsea sericea (Blume) Koidz., Actinodaphne lancifolia (Blume) Meisn., Quercus acuta Thunb., Quercus salicina Blume, Castanopsis sieboldii (Makino) Hatus, Dendropanax trifidus (Thunb.) Makino ex Hara, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides Siebold & Zucc., Camellia japonica L., and Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq.
Crepidomanes latealatum grows on rock surfaces scattered along the valley, and its surroundings are associated with species such as Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K. Iwats., Lepisorus onoei Franch. & Sav, and Lemmaphyllum microphyllum C. Presl. The surrounding forest understory includes ferns such as Dryopteris championii (Benth.) C. Chr. ex Ching, Dryopteris pacifica (Nakai) Tagawa, Dryopteris saxifraga (Fée) E. H. Crane, Dryopteris erythrosora (D. C. Easton) Kuntze, Cremastra appendiculata var. variabilis (Blume) I. D. Lund, and Lophatherum gracile Brongn..
Haplopteris flexuosa (Fée) E. H. Crane (Fig. 3) is a subtropical and warm-temperate evergreen fern widely distributed from the lowlands of the Himalayas through the Indochinese Peninsula to southern China and central Japan. In Korea, it is sparsely distributed in the warm-temperate forests of the lower slopes of Mt. Hallasan on Jejudo Island, which represents the northern limit of its range (Korea National Arboretum, 2021). Haplopteris flexuosa is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on both the Red List and the Rare Plants Vulnerable (VU) category (National Institute of Biological Resources, 2021). It is confined to Jejudo Island, where only a few populations and individuals have been confirmed, making conservation efforts regarding this rare species urgent. On Jejudo Island, the Donneko Valley is a well-known habitat for H. flexuosa. Here, the typical warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forest is dominated by trees of the laurel family (Lauraceae)—including Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum chekiangense, Neolitsea sericea, Machilus thunbergii, and Actinodaphne lancifolia—and evergreen oaks (Fagaceae) such as Quercus acuta, Quercus salicina, and Castanopsis sieboldii. The understory, which is humid and has limited light, supports a variety of evergreen ferns, along with species that include Euchresta japonica Hook. F. ex Regel, Damnacanthus indicus C. F. Gaertn., and Sarcandra glabra (Thunb.) Nakai. In Japan, the distribution of H. flexuosa is also limited to warm-temperate forests west of Mount Fuji (Kurata and Nakaike, 1987), with winter cold being a presumed limiting factor.
In recent surveys, H. flexuosa was found on a rock wall on the southeastern slope of a ridge at around 400–500 meters above sea level in a series of connected peaks running across the Haenam Peninsula. The surrounding area is a deciduous forest dominated by oaks such as Quercus serrata Murray, Quercus variabilis Blume, and Quercus aliena Blume, with accompanying species such as Pourthiaea villosa (Thunb.) Decne., Sorbus alnifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Decne., Ligustrum obtusifolium Thunb., Mallotus japonicus (L. f.) Müll. Arg., Toxicodendron trichocarpum (Miq.) Kuntz, Prunus verecunda Rupr,, Carpinus turczaninowii Hance, Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim., and Styrax japonicus Siebold & Zucc.. Evergreen broad-leaved trees, such as Eurya japonica Thunb., Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Hedera rhombea (Miq.) Bean, Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai, and Kadsura japonica (L.) Dunal, grow in mixed stands. Young trees of evergreen broad-leaved species that include Machilus thunbergii, Cinnamomum chekiangense, Castanopsis sieboldii, and Quercus acuta are emerging in this area, indicating a transition of the forest toward its original warm-temperate forest composition.
On the rock surfaces where Haplopteris flexuosa grows, other ferns such as Asplenium boreale (Ohwi ex Sa. Kurata) Nakaike, Crepidomanes minutum, Lemmaphyllum microphyllum, Davallia mariesii H. J. Veitch, and Asplenium incisum Thunb. can be found, while the surrounding forest includes ferns such as Dryopteris championii, Dryopteris erythrosora, Dryopteris bissetiana (Baker) C. Chr., Dryopteris chinensis Koidz., Dryopteris lacera (Thunb.) Kuntze, Thelypteris japonica (Baker) Ching, Athyrium yokoscense (Franch & Sav.) H. Christ, Thelypteris glanduligera (Kunze) Ching, Deparia japonica (Thunb) Fraser-Jenk., and Polystichum tripteron (Kunze) C. Presl.
Unlike the Donneko population, where only a few scattered individuals of H. flexuosa grow in the dark, moist understory of an evergreen broad-leaved forest, the Haenam population consists of multiple individuals growing in clusters on rock surfaces within a deciduous broad-leaved forest with better light conditions. The region’s climatic characteristics, including annual precipitation of 1,230 mm and frequent fog, likely contribute to the favorable growth conditions for Haplopteris flexuosa.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by a grant from the National Institute of Ecology (NIE) funded by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea (NIE-A2024-01).

NOTES

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Fig. 1.
Distribution types of Korean fern species: southern species (A), Himalayan-originating species (B), and Warm-temperate species endemic of Northeast Asia (C).
kjpt-54-3-151f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel.
kjpt-54-3-151f2.jpg
Fig. 3.
Haplopteris flexuosa (Fée) E. H. Crane.
kjpt-54-3-151f3.jpg
Table 1.
Korean fern species originating in tropical regions.
Family name Scientific name Local name Remarks
Lycopodiaceae Huperzia javanica (Sw.) C. Yang 큰뱀톱 -
Hymenophyllaceae Crepidomanes latealatum (Bosch) Copel. 괴불이끼 FTS IV
Hymenophyllaceae Vandenboschia kalamocarpa (Hayata) Ebihara 누운괴불이끼 FTS IV
Plagiogyriaceae Plagiogyria euphlebia (Kunze) Mett. 꿩고사리 FTS V
Pteridaceae Pteris fauriei Hieron. 오름깃고사리 FTS V
Pteridaceae Pteris nipponica W. C. Shieh 알록큰봉의꼬리 FTS IV, VU
Pteridaceae Pteris terminalis Wall. ex J. Agardh 깃반쪽고사리 FTS V
Aspleniaceae Asplenium prolongatum Hook. 숫돌담고사리 FTS V, VU
Aspleniaceae Asplenium ritoense Hayata 쪽잔고사리 FTS IV
Aspleniaceae Asplenium wilfordii Mett. ex Kuhn 수수고사리 FTS IV
Aspleniaceae Asplenium wrightii D. C. Eaton ex Hook. 눈썹고사리 FTS V, CR
Aspleniaceae Hymenasplenium hondoense (N. Murak. & Hatan.) Nakaike 지느러미고사리 FTS IV
Dennstaedtiaceae Dennstaedtia scabra (Wall. ex Hook.) T. Moore 사철잔고사리 FTS V
Athyriaceae Diplazium mettenianum (Miq.) C. Chr. 깃주름고사리 -
Thelypteridaceae Cyclosorus dentatus (Forssk.) Ching 탐라별고사리 FTS IV
Thelypteridaceae Cyclosorus interruptus (Willd.) H. Ito? 검은별고사리 Class II of Endangered species, FTS V
Thelypteridaceae Pseudocyclosorus subochthodes (Ching) Ching 제비꼬리고사리 FTS IV, VU
Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium yamamotoi Tagawa 반들산쇠고비 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris cycadina (Franch. & Sav.) C. Chr. 나도톱지네고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris formosana (H. Christ) C. Chr. 꼬리족제비고사리 FTS IV
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris melanocarpa Hayata 검은족제비고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris varia (L.) Kuntze 족제비고사리 -
Tectariaceae Tectaria fuscipes (Wall. ex Bedd.) C. Chr. 백록고사리 -
Nephrolepidaceae Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl 줄고사리 FTS V
Polypodiaceae Colysis elliptica (Thunb.) Ching 손고비 FTS III, NT
Polypodiaceae Colysis simplicifrons (H. Christ) Tagawa 창고사리 FTS V, EN
Polypodiaceae Colysis × shintenensis (Hayata) H. Ito 제주창고사리 -
Polypodiaceae Colysis wrightii Ching 밤잎고사리 -
Polypodiaceae Neocheiropteris ensata (Thunb.) Ching 밤일엽 FTS IV
Polypodiaceae Loxogramme duclouxii H. Christ 숟갈일엽 FTS V, VU
Polypodiaceae Loxogramme salicifolia (Makino) Makino 버들일엽 FTS IV, VU

FTS: classification of Floristic Target Species in Korea; CR, EN, VU & NT: conservation status according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Category.

Table 2.
Korean fern species originating from tropical regions with expanded distributions to temperate regions.
Family name Scientific name Local name Remarks
Selaginellaceae Selaginella heterostachya Baker 각시비늘이끼 -
Selaginellaceae Selaginella involvens (Sw.) Spring 부처손 -
Selaginellaceae Selaginella nipponica Franch. & Sav. 선비늘이끼 -
Psilotaceae Psilotum nudum (L.) P. Beauv. 솔잎난 Class II of Endangered Species, FTS V, EN
Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum barbatum (Bosch) Baker 수염이끼 FTS III
Hymenophyllaceae Crepidomanes minutum (Blume) K. Iwats. 부채괴불이끼 FTS II
Gleicheniaceae Diplopterygium glaucum (Thunb. ex Houtt.) Nakai 풀고사리 FTS III
Gleicheniaceae Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw. 발풀고사리 CBIS, FTS III
Plagiogyriaceae Plagiogyria japonica Nakai 섬꿩고사리 FTS V, VU
Lindsaeaceae Odontosoria chinensis (L.) J. Sm. 바위고사리 FTS III
Dennstaedtiaceae Microlepia marginata (Panz.) C. Chr. 돌잔고사리 FTS III
Dennstaedtiaceae Microlepia marginata var. bipinnata Makino 깃돌잔고사리 FTS IV
Dennstaedtiaceae Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C. Presl 돌토끼고사리 FTS IV
Pteridaceae Cheilanthes chusana Hook. 개부싯깃고사리 FTS V, VU
Pteridaceae Coniogramme intermedia Hieron. 고비고사리 FTS II
Pteridaceae Coniogramme japonica (Thunb.) Diels 가지고비고사리 FTS III
Pteridaceae Onychium japonicum (Thunb.) Kuntze 선바위고사리 FTS III
Pteridaceae Pteris cretica L. 큰봉의꼬리 FTS III
Pteridaceae Pteris dispar Kunze 반쪽고사리 FTS III
Pteridaceae Pteris multifida Poir. 봉의꼬리 CBIS, FTS I
Pteridaceae Adiantum monochlamys D. C. Eaton 섬공작고사리 FTS IV
Pteridaceae Haplopteris flexuosa (Fée) E. H. Crane 일엽아재비 FTS IV, NT
Aspleniaceae Asplenium boreale (Ohwi ex Sa. Kurata) Nakaike 반들깃고사리 FTS V
Aspleniaceae Asplenium sarelii Hook. 돌담고사리 FTS III
Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes L. 차꼬리고사리 FTS IV, NT
Aspleniaceae Asplenium tripteropus Nakai 개차꼬리고사리 FTS IV
Athyriaceae Deparia lancea (Thunb.) Fraser-Jenk. 버들참빗 FTS III
Athyriaceae Diplazium virescens Kunze 검정비늘고사리 FTS V
Thelypteridaceae Cyclosorus acuminatus (Houtt.) Nakai ex H. Ito? 별고사리 FTS III
Thelypteridaceae Leptogramma pozoi subsp. mollissima (Fisch. ex Kunze) Nakaike 진퍼리고사리 FTS III
Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris angustifrons (Miq.) Ching 탐라사다리고사리 FTS IV
Thelypteridaceae Thelypteris glanduligera (Kunze) Ching 사다리고사리 -
Blechnaceae Woodwardia japonica (L. f.) Sm. 새깃아재비 Class II of Endangered Species, FTS V, VU
Dryopteridaceae Arachniodes amabilis (Blume) Tindale 쇠고사리 FTS IV, NT
Dryopteridaceae Arachniodes aristata (G. Forst.) Tindale 가는쇠고사리 FTS III
Dryopteridaceae Arachniodes sporadosora (Kunze) Nakaike 좀쇠고사리 FTS IV
Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl 도깨비쇠고비 -
Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium falcatum var. devexiscapulae (Koidz.) Tagawa 긴잎도깨비쇠고비 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris fuscipes C. Chr. 큰지네고사리 FTS III
Dryopteridaceae Polystichum lepidocaulon (Hook.) J. Sm. 더부살이고사리 FTS III
Dryopteridaceae Polystichum tsus-simense (Hook.) J. Sm. 검정개관중 FTS V
Polypodiaceae Lemmaphyllum microphyllum C. Presl 콩짜개덩굴 CBIS, FTS I
Polypodiaceae Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching 일엽초 FTS I
Polypodiaceae Microsorum buergerianum (Miq.) Ching 창일엽 FTS V
Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw. 석위 FTS III
Polypodiaceae Loxogramme grammitoides (Baker) C. Chr. 주걱일엽 FTS III, NT

FTS: classification of Floristic Target Species in Korea; CR, EN, VU & NT: conservation status according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Category; CBIS: Climate-sensitive Biological Indicator Species.

Table 3.
Korean fern species originating from the Himalaya region.
Family name Scientific name Local name Remarks
Hymenophyllaceae Crepidomanes schmidtianum (Zenker ex Tasch.) K. Iwats. 두메괴불이끼 -
Aspleniaceae Asplenium yoshinagae Makino 가거꼬리고사리 FTS V
Thelypteridaceae Cyclosorus penangianus (Hook.) Copel. 큰별고사리 FTS V

FTS: classification of Floristic Target Species in Korea.

Table 4.
Korean fern species diversified in warm-temperate regions of Northeast Asia.
Family name Scientific name Local name Remarks
Lycopodiaceae Huperzia cryptomeriana (Maxim.) R. D. Dixit 왕다람쥐꼬리 FTS V, EN
Ophioglossaceae Botrychium atrovirens (Sahashi) M. Kato 숲고사리삼 Winter green nature
Hymenophyllaceae Hymenophyllum polyanthos (Sw.) Sw. 애기수염이끼 FTS IV
Hymenophyllaceae Vandenboschia nipponica (Nakai) Ebihara 난장이이끼 NT
Hymenophyllaceae Vandenboschia × quelpaertensis (Nakai) Ebihara 큰괴불이끼 -
Hymenophyllaceae Vandenboschia × stenosiphon (Christ) Copel. 제주괴불이끼 -
Pteridaceae Coniogramme × fauriei Hieron. 개가지고비고사리 -
Aspleniaceae Asplenium antiquum Makino 파초일엽 Class II of Endangered Species, FTS V, EN
Aspleniaceae Asplenium oligophlebium Baker 개차고사리 FTS V
Athyriaceae Athyrium otophorum (Miq.) Koidz. 골개고사리 FTS V
Athyriaceae Athyrium sheareri (Baker) Ching 개톱날고사리 FTS IV, VU
Athyriaceae Diplazium hachijoense Nakai 섬잔고사리 FTS IV, VU
Athyriaceae Diplazium wichurae (Mett.) Diels 주름고사리 FTS III, NT
Dryopteridaceae Arachniodes simplicior var. major (Tagawa) Ohwi 큰쇠고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Arachniodes standishii (T. Moore) Ohwi 일색고사리 FTS III
Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium laetevirens (Hiyama) Nakaike 윤쇠고비 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris caudipinna Nakai 가는홍지네고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris championii (Benth.) C. Chr. ex Ching 제주지네고사리 FTS III
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris commixta Tagawa 애기톱지네고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris decipiens (Hook.) Kuntze 공작지네고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris decipiens var. diplazioides (H. Christ) Ching 애기지네고사리 FTS V
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris erythrosora (D. C. Eaton) Kuntze 홍지네고사리 FTS I
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris kobayashii Kitag. 누른애기족제비고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris hangchowensis Ching 각시톱지네고사리 FTS V
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris hongdoensis Koidz. 큰홍지네고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris medioxima Koidz. 반들지네고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris namegatae (Sa. Kurata) Sa. Kurata 탐라톱지네고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris nipponensis Koidz. 참지네고사리 FTS III
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris pacifica (Nakai) Tagawa 큰족제비고사리 FTS III
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris sacrosancta Koidz. 애기족제비고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris simasakii var. paleacea (H. Ito) Sa. Kurata 층층지네고사리 -
Dryopteridaceae Polystichum longifrons Sa. Kurata 섬나도히초미 -
Dryopteridaceae Polystichum polyblepharum (Roem. ex Kunze) C. Presl 나도히초미 FTS I
Dryopteridaceae Polystichum pseudomakinoi Tagawa 나도개관중 -
Dryopteridaceae Polystichum tagawanum Sa. Kurata 긴개관중 FTS III
Dryopteridaceae Polystichum tsus-simense var. mayebarae (Tagawa) Sa. Kurata 큰개관중 FTS IV
Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris kinkiensis Koidz. ex Tagawa 엷은잎지네고사리 -
Polypodiaceae Cyrtomium caryotideum var. coreanum Nakai 참쇠고비 -
Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia × nipponica M. Beppu & Seriz. 큰우단일엽 -
Polypodiaceae Pyrrosia hastata (Thunb.) Ching 세뿔석위 FTS II
Polypodiaceae Lepisorus onoei (Franch. & Sav.) Ching 애기일엽초 FTS III
Polypodiaceae Lepisorus hachijoensis Sa.Kurata 섬일엽초 -

FTS: classification of Floristic Target Species in Korea; CR, EN, VU & NT: conservation status according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Category.

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